SAP R/3 accounting system
The accounting system with its various sub-units is a
critical part of the SAP solution. The integration of the various aspects of
accounting with each other and with logistics and human resoueces applicants
becomes a management tool for all company departments. The efficieny of this
kind of solution is increased by including cross- company business processes
with customers, suppliers or financial institutions.
For international companies, SAP R/3 offers flexible
software that can be used in different countries. The system meets the nedds of
the major industrial nations of the world with its multilingual approach,
flexible currently handling and country –spesific functions for taxes,
reporting, and payment transactions.
SAP R/3 accounting system consist of several
components:
·
Financial accounting
(FI)
o
G/L Accounting
o
A/P and A/R
o
Asset accounting
·
Corporate finance
management (CFM)
o
CFM ( planning,
analysis, decision support, frinancial transaction, payments, and risk
capabilities in various group environment)
o
Treasury Management
(cash, stocks, bonds, and derivatives
o
Executive information
system
o
Profit center
accounting
o
Legal consolidation
o
Planning
·
Profitability and
Sales Accounting
o
Profitability analysis
·
Product Cost
Controlling
o
Product cost
planning
o
Cost object
controlling
·
Overhead Cost
Controlling
o
Cost centers
o
Internal orders
o
ABC
Investment management
Investment management (IM)
allows company wide palnning f capital investment programs and control of
individual capital investment measures
Project management
Project management allows
efficient palnning ,cost sensitive control, and target oriented implementation
of projects with comprehensive integration with controlling and logistics.
Organizational elements
An effective accounting
system includes more than ledgers, accounts and documents. Organizational structure
is also an essential component. The depiction of current corporate structure
and future strategies has a bearing on how you use the organizational terms in
SAP’s accounting system :
o
Company
This represents a legally autonomous entity, composed
of one or more company codes.
o
Company code
This represents the tax law (national ) view of the
company. Fiscal calendar ,local currency and tax reporting requirements
determine the design of the complete and reconciled tracking system.
o
Business area
This helps depict internal structures for external
segment reporting
o
Functional area
This are displays the profit and loss statement
according to cost of sales accounting
o
Profit center (management
accounting)
With its flexible design , this controlling term is
used to decipt internal areas of responsibility.
o
Chart of accounts
o
The FI components offers a
flexible method for setting up a general ledger to meet various goals
concerning legal issues, value flow, and classification of postings.
The chart of accounts can be represented in the SAP
system as one of the 3 functions:
·
As an operational chart of
accounts: contains the accounts currently used in day to day transactions with
the system.
·
As a local chart of
accounts: contains the accounts that are necessary to fulfill legal
requirements.
·
As a group chart of
accounts: contains all accounts that apply throughout the corporate group.
Customer master
a customer master record
contains all the information that a company needs for its business relations
with a customer. Customer master records also provide information on customers
for the accounting and sales departments.
The 3 part structure of
master data records:
·
General data
,is equally relevant to every company code and every sales organization within
a company.
·
Data for
company codes, this data reflects the company specific agreements with the
customer
·
Data for sales,
has different characteristics for a company/s sales oraganizations and
channels.
Vendor master -- account
payable
The vendor master --
account payable contains all the information a company needs for its
business relationships with vendors. This data controls the posting transaction
as well as the processing of posting data. The vendor master record provides
the following :
·
Overview of all data for a
given vendor
·
Flexible data access
·
Baseline data used to
control payment transactions and to represent business processes.
General data
,includes address and telecommunications data (telephone, fax & telex
information), general data vendor information ( coporate group, industry branch)
as well as bank details.
Company code data ,
includes company specific policies concerning payment transaction, dunning
procedures and correspondence information.
Purchasing organization data, includes inquiry, order and invoice verification
information.
Asset management
Increasing automation makes
palnning and monitoring of fixed assets for external and internal accounting
purpose ever more important.
Asset classes support the
structuring and classification of fixed assets.
Account balance
A line item display
provides an overview of the open, cleared and parked items from an account. The
account balance offers an overview of transaction figures for each period by
debits & credits.
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